As noted in my next comment there is an small increase in volcanic activity during solar minimums and a very large increase volcanic activity when there is a major change in the solar magnetic cycle . To understand what will happen as solar cycle 24 progresses it is necessary to understand the solar mechanism that causes an increase in volcanic eruptions during the solar minimums when the mechanism that creates sun spots is interrupted.
(i.e. If one knew what creates sunspots and what function sunspots have for the sun, then it would be possible to predicted what would happen when the sunspot creating mechanism is interrupted.)
Another means to understand what will happen when the sun spot creating mechanism is interrupted is to look at the paleo record to determine what happened on the earth during other periods when there is an abrupt change in the cosmogenic isotopes that are deposited on the surface of the ice sheets, as the specific changes that occurred on the surface of the earth when the cosmogenic isotope change occurs (climate, volcanic, winds, and geomagnetic field) require a cause, move back to the sun looking for a cause.
The sun is a second generation star. When supernova collapse it appears they form a neutron like core (neutron like core in that the properties of what forms is different than the original hypothesis which was extremely massive objects or extreme strong collapses create a "neutron core" or if the object is sufficiently massive a "black hole".
It appears that very massive objects or extremely rapid and powerful collapses resists the collapse by the conversion of matter to a different form of matter. This new form of matter does not have a name. It creates a very strong magnetic field which is sufficiently strong to create electron-positron pairs in the 'vacuum' which creates a light force that resists the collapse.
There are a series of papers discussing the physics of what happens based on known observational anomalies (anomalies that cannot be explained by the neutron core theory or the black hole theory) for magtars, for the recently discovered super massive neutron star (a neutron star that is more massive than the theoretical maximum mass limit for a neutron star, i.e. it should have formed a "black hole" ) and for the massive object at the center of galaxies and at the center of quasars.
From the observations concerning quasars the following is what is known about this new phase of matter.
The spectrum of quasar is non-thermal. A hot gas produces a specific black body spectrum shape whose peak amplitude depends on the temperature of the gas or plasma. The spectrum of the quasars is very broad and flat. The quasar spectrum is created by very, very, strong magnetic fields and the acceleration of ions in the magnetic field.
Quasars vary periodically over time with an increasing amplitude. It appears the quasar core (this new form of matter that does not have a name) is unstable. Due to some process that is happening in the new form of matter there is a build up of charge on the object that is released in massive jets or when pieces of the object are ejected.
There are numerous observations of quasars, pulsars, our galaxy, and nearby galaxies that supports this assertion.
In the core of the Milky Way for example, there are two strings of very hot young stars that both formed at the same time. The two strings of stars (like a string of pearls) orbit around the massive object at the center of the Milky Way with two orbits at 90 degree to each other and at opposite directions to each other. (i.e. One string of hot stars is orbiting clockwise and the other counter clockwise.)
The very hot stars in the two strings of stars have a lifetime of only 10 million years which means that the two strings of stars formed at the same time roughly 6 million years ago.
There are other very hot very young stars at the core of Milky Way and at the core of other galaxies. These very hot, very young stars are called the Paradox of youth stars. They are called the Paradox of Youth stars as very hot stars have a short lifetime, so it difficult to explain where the gas came from to form the stars in question and why it suddenly appeared a few million years ago. (There is no indications of gas clouds forming stars currently very close the galaxy's center.)
These very hot stars ejected vast amounts of hydrogen. (Sort of a super solar wind. The point I am trying to make is how a smaller piece of this new form of matter that does not have a name, changes with time based on observations of these paradox of youth stars. The core of the sun is an even smaller piece of this new form of matter that was formed by a supernova collapse rather than ejection from the mass object of at the galaxy's core.)
Another difficulty in explaining the formation of the paradox of youth stars, is that the massive gravitational forces at the center of the galaxy arrest the clumping of gas clouds which makes it theoretically not possible to form massive stars from the collapse of gas clouds in a location very, very close the massive object. (As close as a few light days from the Milky Way's core.)
In the Milky Way there are hypervelocity very hot stars that have a velocity that exceeds the escape velocity of the galaxy. These hypervelocity stars are known to have been ejected from the galaxy's core. One such star has been traveling for 100 million years, yet that type of very hot star only has a lifetime of 10 million years based on conventional star physics. These star in question is found in a location where there are no stars for it collide with and it is difficult to provide a mechanism which will eject a pair of stars from the Milky Ways core. (See next comment on Blue Stragglers.)
There is another set of stars found in the Milky Way and other galaxies called blue stragglers. These stars are too hot and too blue based how stars evolve and the age of the stars in question. Two theories have been developed to try to explain what causes blue stragglers: 1) Gas moving from a star in a pair to the blue straggler star, however, some blue stragglers are single stars rather than a pair of stars and 2)A second explanation is a recent stellar collision where the blue straggler star collides with another star, however some blue stragglers are found in locations where there are no nearby stars to collide with and that are single stars.)
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